Review Notes

Just back from the review session. Thanks for the clapping and for the kind things people said to me afterwards. That really made my day.

Here are the overheads I used at the review session. Good luck on the final!

JAPAN
1. Lead-up to the Meji Restoration:
a. In 1853, the American Matthew Perry forced Japan (then under the Tokugawa Bakufu) to open its doors to the outside world.
b. Japan, like China, was forced to sign unequal treaties.
c. Selective Adoption of Western Ways
d. Growth in anti-bakufu forces (Restorationists)
2. Meiji Period (1868-1912) and Beyond
a. 1866 War with Bakufu, victory for Restorationists but Bakufu limps along until 1869
b. 1868, Meiji Restoration and Charter Oath
c. Massive reforms
d. Satsuma Rebellion, 1877-reaction to reform
e. Japanese Empire Grows
i. Victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95
ii. Victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05—Battle of Tsushima
iii. Annexation of Korea
iv. 21 Demands, 1915 (during WW1)

Why was Japan able to Stay Independent?
1) Geography (Island Nation)
2) Reform

Colonialism and Resistance
1) Go together, colonialism breeds resistance
2) Resistors often borrow from Colonizers
3) Forms of resistance, violent and peaceful

Ideology and Nationalism
1) Nationalism, each nation has its own state and is not ruled by foreigners
2) New Ideas, subject of ruler to citizen of a nation state
3) Breakdown of old loyalties to family/village/etc.
4) Nationalism needed to mobilize the people to build a strong and modern state
5) Nationalism dangerous to some—but hard not to create nationalism when you bring reform
6) Strongly related to colonialism-sense of other
7) Borrowing from colonizers
8) Look to native traditions
9) Marxism?

Transformative War
1) Seeks/Brings Change
2) Example of Singapore and decolonization—explodes myth of Western invincibility
3) Failure of colonization in general, Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 (Rape of Nanking)

CHINA

Lead-up to the Opium Wars:
1. Lord Macartney’s mission to China in 1793. Failed.
2. Abolition of East India Company monopoly on opium trade in 1833 – everyone wants a piece of the action.
3. Negative Aspects of trade-social and economic

4. Lin Zexu sent to Canton to eliminate opium trade. Wrote a letter to Queen Victoria making his case based on morality. For many British, issue is not morality, but diplomacy and trade.
5. First Opium War, 1839-42
6. War ends with signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
7. Beginning of British ‘indirect imperialism’ and ‘economic imperialism.’
8. First of many ‘unequal treaties’ that create various European ‘spheres of influence.’ (not colonies)
9. The Second Opium War (1856-60)

Late Qing Dynasty
1. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-64, Borrows from Christianity, anti-Manchu—transformative war/ideology
2. Self Strengthening Movement—Attempt at Reform following Second Opium War, 1860-1894
3. Sino-Japanese War—transformative war
4. 100 Days of Reform, 1898, Supported by Guangxu Emperor and Kang Youwei, Opposed by Ci Xi
5. Boxer Rebellion, 1900, anti-foreign, famine, eventually supports, failure discredits anti-reformers, colonialism and resistance
6. Fall of the Qing, 1911 Sun Yat-sen, revolutionary and first president
7. Yuan Shikai, president and later attempt at emperor




SOUTHEAST ASIA

Sarawak, demonstrates the variety, complexity and unusual nature of imperialism in SEAsia
Search for Resource
Man on the Spot—British could claim it because British subjects ruled it
(note-North Borneo and Sarawak are different)
Phased Conquest (Burma taken in three phases)

Burma
1) Geography—too close to India
2) Good King Mindon, son not so good

Vietnam
1) Geography—accessible to French
2) Unable to reform quickly enough

Thailand
1) Geography—in between French and English so useful buffer state
2) Good reforming kings, Rama IV (Mongut) and Rama V (Chulalongkorn) who were also skillful at playing the British and French off against each other.

INDIA
1. Rise of Indian Nationalism – The Indian Mutiny
a. Indian Mutiny – cartridges?
b. Initial Indian success and atrocities
c. March to Delhi and the Mughal Emperor, looking backwards and forwards
d. Final British success and atrocities
e. British back away from reformist policies, growth in distrust between Indians and British
2. The Indian National Congress-1885
1. Allan Octavian Hume: founder ornithologist
2. G.K. Gokhale – Moderate. Campaigned for education and social welfare issues.
3. B.G. Tilak – Radical. Boycott and revolutionary tradition
4. 1906 – Muslim League founded
5. 1907 – The INC split into radical and moderate groups at Surat
6. Violence—assassination of plague commissioner in 1897, Sir William Curzon Wylie, 1909
3. The Rise of Indian Nationalism – British Reactions
a. World War One and Rowlatt Acts
b. Protest against acts
c. Amritsar Massacre, 13 April 1919
4. The Rise of Indian Nationalism – Gandhi
a. Gandhi - Inspired by Tilak and Gokhale. Political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence Movement.
b. Gandhi’s politics-radical/moderate/traditional
c. Uses his personal philosophy of satyagraha to support the resistance. In forming this philosophy he draws on many sources: Russian, English, Christian, Theosophy, Jains—emphasis on ahisma
d. Gandhi’s methods, Satyagraha, boycott, civil disobeidence